Cell-type- and locus-specific epigenetic editing of memory expression

Epigenetic mechanisms have long been proposed to act as molecular mnemonics1–3, but whether the epigenetic makeup of a single genomic site can guide learnt behaviors remains unknown. Here we combined CRISPR-based epigenetic editing tools4,5 with c-Fos-driven engram technologies6,7 to address this question in memory-bearing neuronal ensembles. Focusing on the promoter of Arc, which encodes a master regulator of synaptic plasticity8, we found that its locus-specific and temporally controlled epigenetic editing is necessary and sufficient to regulate memory expression. Such effects occurred irrespective of the memory phase—during the initially labile period after learning and for fully consolidated memories—and were reversible within subject, testifying to their inherent plasticity. These findings provide a proof-of-principle that site-specific epigenetic dynamics are causally implicated in memory expression. CRISPR-based epigenetic editing is used in a cell-type-specific, locus-restricted and temporally controllable manner in the adult mouse brain to modulate memory expression.